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Your Kidney Function Really Matters:
A Lighter Look at What You Need to Know to Prevent Adverse
Drug Events
by: Timothy McNamara, MD, MPH
When you (or loved ones) are taking prescription or over
the counter medications... there is a lot you should be
worried about, and a lot that your pharmacist may not
be telling you.
Most people are aware, for example, that several medications
taken together can sometimes cause harmful interactions.
Most also know that drug allergies can pose significant
hazards. (These are topics of other articles in this series).
And, many people know that young children, elderly adults,
pregnant women, nursing women, and severely debilitated
people may all be at higher risk for adverse drug events.
But what most people don't know is that a simple blood
test can be one of the most important pieces of information
in determining the correct dose of many medications...and
the results of that test are almost never available to
your pharmacist, especially if your pharmacist fills your
prescription in a retail drugstore. (And, that's a bummer.)
The test I'm talking about, of course, is the 'serum creatinine
test' ('SEAR-'em cree-AT-tuh-neen tehst'. It's a difficult
name to pronounce and a difficult test to understand...but
one that you NEED to know about if you or loved ones are
taking over-the-counter or prescription medications.)
A serum creatinine test gives a physician or pharmacist
an estimate of kidney function.
Serum creatinine is the 'bean counter' of modern medicine...
letting folks know if the beans (the kidneys) are working
as well as they should.
Why is that important?
Well, kidney function is extremely important in determining
the correct doses of many medications since the kidneys
(along with the liver) assist in the removal of medications
from the body.
Almost all medications (and/or their chemical by-products)
are either removed by the liver, by the kidneys, or, in
many cases, by both the kidneys and liver working together.
So, simply put, when the beans are not working well, many
medications will accumulate in the body and increase the
risk of drug side effects. And that's an even bigger bummer.
(The same is true for liver problems, and we will talk
about that in another article in this series.)
As a result, patients with reduced kidney function often
need LOWER doses of many medications.
So how does this all work?
Well, creatinine is a chemical that occurs and circulates
naturally in the human body. It is the result of normal
protein break-down. And, like many medications, creatinine
is normally removed from the blood by the beans. So, when
the kidneys are not working well, the level of creatinine
circulating in the bloodstream will start to go up...just
like the blood level of many medications.
Physicians and pharmacists are routinely and easily able
to determine how much creatinine is in the blood with
the results of a serum creatinine test. (This test is
part of a very common panel of blood tests. And, if the
serum creatinine is high, many drugs need to have a lower
dose.) The normal value for serum creatinine is about
0.4 to 1.5 mg/dl...but that can vary a bit from lab to
lab.
So remember: 'kidneys no work...serum creatinine go UP'.
Now, serum creatinine is not the best measure of kidney
function (there are other tests that are much more accurate),
but results of the serum creatinine test are usually the
most readily available...and cheapest...and are generally
accurate enough for most purposes...so serum creatinine
is the de facto standard for estimating kidney function...most
of the time.
The gold standard test that doctors use for measuring
kidney function is called 'creatinine clearance' (cree-AT-tuh-neeeen
CLEAR-uhhh-nce) However, not many patients get this particular
test because it is pretty darn inconvenient...and smelly.
You have to collect all of your urine for 24 hours and
keep it in the fridge. Not a lot of volunteers for this
test...
Creatinine clearance is the volume of blood that the kidneys
clear of creatinine in a given amount of time (and it
is usually reported as milliliters per minute).
So, when kidney function decreases, creatinine clearance
(the amount of blood that the kidneys are successfully
'cleaning') also decreases.
So remember: 'kidneys no work...creatinine clearance go
DOWN'. (Note: this is easy to remember because it is the
exact opposite of what you were initially thinking, and
the opposite of what happens with serum creatinine. Most
of medicine is like this.)
Now for the super tricky part just for those gunning for
an A. There is a way to 'guestimate' creatinine clearance
using serum creatinine...isn't that neat. And, that's
probably the best way to determine renal function if a
measured creatinine clearance is not available.
What you do is run the serum creatinine value through
a fancy equation that will give you an estimated creatinine
clearance, which is itself an estimate of kidney function.
(Estimates of estimates of estimates...that's the kind
of exacting science I live for.)
For adults, that equation is the famous 'Cockcroft-Gault
equation corrected for ideal body weight and gender'...the
equation everyone loves to hate. The Cockcroft-Gault equation
(presumably named after Drs. Cockcroft and Gault...or
maybe just Dr. Cockroft-Gault, or maybe Lara Croft), is
generally considered very reliable since it has never
been well validated in young patients, old patients, thin
patients, fat patients...basically all the patients it
gets used on. So go figure. Double bonus points if you
can remember this:
For men, creatinine clearance =
((140- Age) ' IBW) / (72 ' SCr)
For women, creatinine clearance =
((140- Age) ' IBW ' 0.85) / (72 ' SCr)
Where Age is in years, IBW is ideal body weight in kilograms,
and SCr is serum creatinine in mg/dl.
(For the algebraically-challenged and for anyone wanting
help in calculating the results of these complicated equations,
please visit this creatinine clearance calculator: http://www.medicationadvisor.com/creatinine/creatinine.asp)
Now once you run this a few times, you'll find that creatinine
clearance for young healthy people is about 100 ml/min
(we'll just leave off the 'ml/min' part from now on).
And, dead people have a creatinine clearance of about
0, depending on how healthy they are.
Everyone else falls somewhere in between.
(Now someone in the back of the room is saying, 'I just
ran this on myself and I have a creatinine clearance of
150'. Well aren't you special? In fact, young good-looking
people can have creatinine clearances of 130, 140, or
more...but it doesn't do a whole lot of good since 100
is perfectly acceptable. In fact, it's just another case
of overachiever overkill.)
Now, if someone has a creatinine clearance of 80, that
means that they have about...80% kidney function.
And, if someone has a creatinine clearance of 50, that
means that they have about...50% kidney function. (Are
you following all of this?)
Many drugs that are eliminated by the kidney will require
moderate dosage reductions once a patient's renal function
is in the 40-60 range.
Patients in the 20-40 range will typically require very
large reductions in dose.
And, patients who are in the 'less than 20' range will
often need HUGE dosage reductions for medications eliminated
by the kidney (or better yet, they'll need to take medications
that are removed by some other organ altogether...if such
an alternative is available).
One last tidbit to consider. Renal function declines as
people age. No getting around that. But, the rate of decline
is different for different people. By the time you're
50 years old, there is a reasonable chance you'll have
moderate renal function (or worse)...by the time you're
80, you'll almost certainly have some important degree
of renal impairment... and you probably won't even know
it or feel it.
Now that you know more renal physiology than you ever,
EVER wanted to know...let's get back to the main thread
of this article...medication safety.
If you (or a loved one) are at risk for having decreased
kidney function (and I'll tell you who such folks are
in just a second), you need to step up to the plate and
get a handle on this issue (because there is a very good
chance that your physician and pharmacist either didn't
have renal function data or didn't consider it when coming
up with a dosage for you).
Here are the steps I recommend for everyone taking prescription
or over-the-counter medications:
1) For everyone: If you have access to the results of
a recent serum creatinine test (it is probably part of
your annual physical and you may have gotten a copy),
memorize it or write it down and then say to your physician
or pharmacist when you get a medication, 'Say, I think
my serum creatinine is about X. So, does this medication
need any dosage adjustment in order to be safe for me?
2) If you are in one of the following categories, you
should expect your physician and pharmacist to have considered
your renal function before dosing a medication:
known kidney disease;
age greater than 50;
history or heart attack, angina, stroke, or other artery
blockages;
history of diabetes (any type);
history of high blood pressure;
prior exposure to chemotherapy drugs;
prior prolonged exposure to IV antibiotics;
frequent use of pain medications (especially non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs, but others as well).
So you might say to your physician or pharmacist, 'Is
this drug removed by the kidney, because I have condition
X that could decrease kidney function and I just want
to be safe.' If the drug is removed by the kidney, you
might also ask the physician or pharmacist to tell you
what your serum creatinine is...and if he or she does
not have this information, a big red flag should be going
up in your head.
3) If you are not in one of the categories in question
2 and you don't have a serum creatinine available, don't
worry. You're probably safe. But you may want to ask your
physician if there is a serum creatinine in your chart
and if so, what it is.
4) If you are on dialysis of any sort, serum creatinine
is not all that useful for dosing medications. Just make
sure your physician and pharmacist are aware that you
are on dialysis and perhaps ask, 'Now is this the usual
dose for someone on dialysis?'
These are some of the steps I hope you will consider the
next time you get a prescription or over-the-counter medication
so you can be sure that that you (or your loved one) are
getting the right dose.
© 2004 Timothy McNamara, MD, MPH
About The Author
Timothy McNamara, MD, MPH is a nationally prominent expert
in medication safety and healthcare technology. For additional
practical steps you can take to improve medication safety
and a personalized report of your medication profile,
go to: http://www.medicationadvisor.com/art2.asp |
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